On this page, you will find everything you need to know about hyperemesis gravidarum.
What is hyperemesis gravidarum?
Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) occurs when a pregnant woman experiences severe and persistent nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. It can lead to weight loss and dehydration. Hyperemesis gravidarum is sometimes referred to as severe morning sickness.
What are the symptoms of hyperemesis gravidarum?
HG typically occurs during the first trimester but may persist until delivery. Common symptoms include:
- Severe nausea.
- Vomiting more than three times a day.
- Losing more than 5% of pre-pregnancy weight.
- Inability to keep food or fluids down.
- Feeling dizzy.
- Urinating less than usual.
- Extreme fatigue.
- Fainting
- Headaches
What causes hyperemesis gravidarum?
The exact cause of HG is unknown. However, elevated hormone levels—especially human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which is produced during pregnancy—are believed to play a role. Estrogen, another hormone that increases during pregnancy, may also contribute to nausea and vomiting.
Risk factors for developing hyperemesis gravidarum:
- Having had HG in a previous pregnancy.
- Multiple pregnancies (twins, triplets, etc.).
- First-time pregnancy.
- Family history of severe morning sickness.
- History of motion sickness or migraines.
- Having gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), which involves abnormal cell growth in the uterus.
How is hyperemesis gravidarum diagnosed?
The doctor will take a medical history and conduct a physical examination. Additional procedures may include:
- Checking weight loss.
- Blood and urine tests to assess dehydration.
- Ultrasound to determine if you are carrying multiples or show signs of gestational trophoblastic disease.
How is hyperemesis gravidarum treated?
Treatment depends on the severity and may include:
- Dietary changes: Eating small, frequent meals (every two hours) of dry, bland foods can help reduce nausea and vomiting.
- Anti-nausea medications: Only specific medications are considered safe for use during pregnancy, so they must be used under medical supervision.
- Avoiding triggers: Certain smells or activities, such as riding in a car, may worsen nausea. Try to avoid triggers that make you feel sick.
- IV fluids and nutrition: In severe cases, intravenous hydration and nutrition may be required.
Can hyperemesis gravidarum be prevented?
There are no proven ways to prevent hyperemesis gravidarum.
What are the complications of hyperemesis gravidarum?
Due to dehydration and poor nutrition, complications may include:
- Preterm birth.
- Low birth weight.
- Bleeding in the throat or other side effects of excessive vomiting.
When should you see a doctor?
Severe vomiting is not a normal part of pregnancy and may require medical care. Go to the emergency room immediately if:
- You experience all-day nausea that prevents you from eating.
- You vomit three or more times a day for several days.
- You lose weight.
- You feel dizzy, faint, or confused.
- You are not urinating, or your urine is very dark.
Frequently Asked Questions:
What is the difference between morning sickness and hyperemesis gravidarum?
Morning sickness is very common during pregnancy, but it is milder than HG and does not usually cause dehydration or weight loss. It typically improves or disappears after the first 12 weeks of pregnancy.
Hyperemesis gravidarum causes vomiting several times a day, which can lead to weight loss and dehydration. HG symptoms often last longer than morning sickness and may require hospital treatment with IV fluids.
I’m experiencing nausea and vomiting. Can I take over-the-counter anti-nausea medication?
Only specific medications are approved for use during pregnancy. Do not take any without consulting your doctor.
