Anemia) 

On this page, you'll find everything you need to know about anemia.

What Is Anemia?

Anemia is a condition characterized by a deficiency in the number or function of red blood cells in the body. Red blood cells carry oxygen to all parts of the body via a specific protein called hemoglobin.

Hemoglobin is an iron-rich protein that gives blood its red color and functions to transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. The most common cause of anemia is a deficiency in iron and other nutrients. The body requires iron to produce hemoglobin.

Types of anemia include:

• Iron deficiency anemia
• Vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency anemia
• Sickle cell anemia
• Hemolytic anemia
• Thalassemia

What Are the Symptoms of Anemia?

• Pale skin, cold hands, and feet
• Feeling tired and weak
• Dizziness or lightheadedness
• Frequent headaches
• Shortness of breath
• Rapid or irregular heartbeat
• Difficulty concentrating
• Cracks or redness in the tongue
• Loss of appetite or a strong desire to eat non-food items, such as dirt and ice

What Are the Causes of Anemia?

• Blood loss or bleeding – due to heavy menstruation, accidents, surgery, or stomach ulcers
• Following a diet lacking in iron, folic acid, or vitamin B12
• Absorption problems due to digestive disorders that impair nutrient absorption, such as celiac disease, or during adolescence when the body requires more iron.
• Pregnancy, as increased blood volume raises iron requirements needed to produce hemoglobin and supply oxygen to the fetus; low iron stores during pregnancy may increase the risk of iron deficiency anemia
• Genetic disorders, such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia
• Autoimmune disorders, such as hemolytic anemia, in which immune cells attack the red blood cells
• Chronic diseases, such as diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis
• Hormonal disorders, such as hypothyroidism
• Bone marrow disorders, such as aplastic anemia – a rare inherited or acquired condition in which the bone marrow produces too few new blood cells
• Infections, such as malaria and sepsis, which reduce the lifespan of red blood cells

What Are the Diagnostic Methods?

The doctor will take a medical history and perform a physical examination, and may request additional procedures as needed, such as:

• Laboratory tests:
  • Complete blood count (CBC)
  • Measurements of iron levels in the blood
  • Vitamin B12 and folic acid levels
  • Blood tests for kidney function
  • Urinalysis to assess kidney function and detect any urinary tract bleeding
  • Stool examination to check for blood
• Gastroscopy or colonoscopy to look for signs of bleeding
• Bone marrow biopsy

What Are the Treatment Methods for Anemia?

Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity. Some people with mild anemia may not require treatment. Management might include various approaches based on individual needs, such as:

• Iron supplements for treating iron deficiency anemia
• Iron injections for severe iron deficiency
• Vitamin B12 supplements or injections for vitamin B12 deficiency anemia
• Antibiotics are needed if an infection is causing the anemia
• Immunosuppressants are used if anemia results from an autoimmune disorder

How To Prevent Anemia?

Some types of anemia cannot be prevented, but anemia caused by nutritional deficiencies can be prevented by:

• Following a healthy diet rich in iron and vitamin B12, including food such as leafy greens, meat, milk, and eggs
• Regularly seeing a doctor if you have a chronic health condition or experience unusual fatigue
• Consulting a doctor to ensure you're getting all the necessary nutrients if you follow a vegetarian diet

What Are the Complications of Anemia?

• Increased susceptibility to diseases and infections, as iron deficiency weakens the immune system
• Heart problems, such as:
  • Irregular heartbeat
  • Cardiomyopathy
  • Heart failure
• Pregnancy complications, such as:
• Premature birth
• Increased blood loss during delivery
• Low birth weight
• Anemia and delayed growth in the child

When Should You See a Doctor?

If you suspect that you have anemia or experience any related symptoms, it’s important to consult your doctor.

Frequently Asked Questions:

What are the Normal Hemoglobin Levels in the Blood?

What Is the Difference Between Anemia and Iron Deficiency Anemia?

Iron deficiency anemia is a type of anemia caused by a lack of iron. It is one of the most common forms of anemia.

Why Is Anemia Common Among Women?

Due to blood loss during menstruation and increased needs during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.