Bone Marrow Biopsy
This topic helps you learn about the bone marrow sample (biopsy), and how to prepare for it.
What is a bone marrow biopsy?
A bone marrow biopsy involves taking small samples of the bone marrow located in the back of the hip (pelvic bone) for testing. Bone marrow is a spongy tissue inside the bones responsible for producing red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets (which help with blood clotting). Afterward, the samples are sent to the lab, where they are examined under a microscope and analyzed.
- When is a bone marrow biopsy performed?
- Detecting any abnormal cells in the bone marrow.
- Identifying and diagnosing the cause of any decrease or increase in blood cell counts.
- Determining the best treatment for certain blood conditions.
- When a bone marrow transplant is needed.
Monitoring the progress of certain conditions, such as in patients with cancer or chronic blood diseases. A bone marrow sample can be used to track their progress and assess the effectiveness of the treatment provided. Also, the examination helps determine whether tumors or cancer cells have returned or continued to grow.
How to prepare for a bone marrow biopsy:
- Before the Procedure:
- Inform your healthcare provider if you are pregnant or just think you might be.
- Inform your healthcare provider about all medications you are taking, including over-the-counter and prescribed medicines. Also, this includes vitamins, herbs, and other nutritional supplements, or anticoagulant medications, as they increase the risk of bleeding from bone marrow biopsies.
Inform your healthcare provider if you have a history of bleeding disorders. Let them know if you are taking any blood-thinning medicines, aspirin, ibuprofen, or other medicines that affect blood clotting. You may need to stop taking these medicines before the procedure.
- During the Procedure:
- You will be asked to remove your clothes and may be given a gown to wear.
- Your position may vary depending on the bone being used. You may be asked to lie on your side or on your stomach if the pelvic bone is used.
- During the procedure, you must remain as still as possible.
- The skin over the biopsy site will be cleaned with a sterile (antiseptic) solution.
- You will feel a brief needle sting as the provider injects a local anesthetic to numb the area.
- A small cut (incision) may be made over the biopsy site. The biopsy needle will be inserted through the bone into the bone marrow.
- A bone marrow aspiration is usually done first. The provider will use a syringe to draw a small fluid sample of bone marrow cells through the needle. It is common to feel pressure as the needle is pushed into your bone. You will feel a pulling sensation as the marrow is removed.
- The provider will remove a small, solid piece of bone marrow using a special hollow needle.
- After the biopsy needle is removed, pressure will be applied to the biopsy site for a few minutes until the bleeding stops.
- A sterile dressing or plaster (bandage) will be applied.
The bone marrow samples will be sent to the lab for examination.
After the Procedure:
You will be asked to lie down for 15 to 30 minutes after the procedure to ensure the biopsy puncture site does not start to bleed. Afterward, the healthcare provider will check the biopsy puncture site and the bandage again. You can then return home.
The bandage should remain in place for about three days. Please ensure the bandage stays dry for two days. After that, you can bathe normally.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Can I drive after the procedure?
Yes, but you must make sure that the painkillers given to you before and during the procedure do not affect your ability to drive.
Do I need to stop eating and drinking before the procedure?
No, you can eat and drink normally before the procedure.
What are the side effects of the procedure?
A bone marrow biopsy is a safe procedure with few risks. However, as with all medical procedures, some potential side effects may occur. Among these effects are:
Bruising and discomfort at the biopsy site:You may experience some mild pain in your back or leg for one to two days after the procedure. You can take over-the-counter painkillers such as paracetamol to relieve this pain. Always make sure to read the instructions or label before taking any painkiller.
Bleeding: There is a slight risk that you may experience bleeding from the biopsy puncture site. If this occurs, apply direct pressure to the bandage for 20 minutes.
Infection Near the Biopsy Site: There is a slight risk that you may develop an infection at the biopsy puncture site. Contact your healthcare provider or go to the nearest emergency room if you notice any redness or fluid leaking from the biopsy puncture site.
When should you consult a doctor?
If you have a fever.
If redness, swelling, or bleeding occurs at the biopsy site.
If there is increased pain around the biopsy site.
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