This topic helps you learn about bone marrow biopsy and how to prepare for it.
What Is a Bone Marrow Biopsy?
A bone marrow biopsy involves taking small samples of the bone marrow located in the back of the hip (pelvic bone) for testing. Bone marrow is a spongy tissue inside the bones responsible for producing red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets (which help in blood clotting). The samples are then sent to the lab, where they are examined under a microscope and analyzed.
When Is a Bone Marrow Biopsy Performed?
- To detect any abnormal cells in the bone marrow.
- To identify and diagnose the cause of any decrease or increase in blood cell count.
- To decide on the best treatment for some blood conditions.
- When a bone marrow transplant is needed.
- To monitor the progress of certain conditions, such as patients with cancer or chronic blood diseases. A bone marrow biopsy can be used to track progress and evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment provided to them. The examination helps determine if tumors or cancer cells have returned or continued to grow.
How To Prepare for a Bone Marrow Biopsy?
Before the procedure:
- Inform your healthcare provider if you are pregnant or suspect you might be.
- Notify your provider about all the medications you are taking, including over-the-counter drugs, prescription medications, vitamins, herbs, and other nutritional supplements. This includes anticoagulant medications, as they increase the risk of bleeding from bone marrow biopsies.
- Let your provider know if you have a history of bleeding disorders. Inform them if you are taking any blood thinners, aspirin, ibuprofen, or other medications that affect blood clotting. You may need to stop taking these medications before the procedure.
During the procedure:
- You will be asked to change into a gown for the procedure.
- Your position may change depending on the bone used. You might be asked to lie on your side or your stomach if the pelvic bone is used.
- During the procedure, you should remain as still as possible.
- The skin over the biopsy site will be cleaned with an antiseptic solution (disinfectant).
- You will feel a brief sting from a needle when the provider injects a local anesthetic to numb the area.
- A small cut (incision) may be made over the biopsy site. The biopsy needle will be inserted through the bone into the bone marrow.
- Usually, a bone marrow aspiration is performed first. The provider will use a syringe to withdraw a small fluid sample of bone marrow cells through the needle. It is common to feel pressure as the needle is pushed into your bone. You will feel a pulling sensation when the marrow is removed.
- The provider will remove a small solid piece of bone marrow using a special hollow needle.
- After the biopsy needle is removed, pressure will be applied to the biopsy site for a few minutes until bleeding stops.
- A sterile bandage or dressing will be applied.
- Bone marrow samples will be sent to the laboratory for examination.
After the procedure:
- You will be asked to lie down for 15 to 30 minutes after the procedure to ensure the biopsy site does not start bleeding. The healthcare provider will recheck the biopsy site and dressing. After that, you may go home.
- The dressing should remain in place for approximately three days. Keep it dry for two days, then you can shower normally.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I drive after the procedure?
Yes, but ensure that the pain relievers given before and during the procedure do not affect your ability to drive.
Do I need to stop eating or drinking before the procedure?
No, you can eat and drink normally before the procedure.
What are the side effects of the procedure?
Bone marrow biopsy is a safe procedure with few risks. However, as with all medical procedures, there may be some potential side effects. Among these are:
– Bruising and discomfort at the biopsy site:
You may experience some mild pain in the back or leg for a day or two after the procedure. You can take over-the-counter pain relievers like paracetamol to relieve this pain. Always make sure to read the instructions or label before taking any pain reliever.
– Bleeding:
There is a slight risk that you may experience bleeding from the biopsy site. If this occurs, apply direct pressure on the bandage for 20 minutes.
– Infection near the biopsy site:
There is a slight risk that you may get an infection at the biopsy site. Contact your healthcare provider or go to the nearest emergency department if you notice any redness or fluid leaking from the biopsy site.
When Should You See a Doctor?
- If you have a fever.
- If there is redness, swelling, or bleeding from the biopsy site.
- If there is increasing pain around the biopsy site.
