التسمم الدوائي (Drug Poisoning)

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Drug Poisoning 

 

(Public Health) 

This page provides answers to your questions about drug poisoning. 

 

What is drug poisoning? 

Drug poisoning occurs when a person takes a quantity of medication that exceeds the body’s ability to metabolize and eliminate it, resulting in toxic effects. It may occur due to an overdose,intentional or accidental,or as a result of incorrect usage of medications, including drug interactions. Symptoms may appear immediately or after a delay. 

  • Which medications can cause drug poisoning?Opioids): 

Various medications can leadCodeineto poisoning if takenFentanylin excessive doses, whetherOxycodoneaccidentally or intentionally.BenzodiazepinesNotable examples include: 

  • Opioids:Paracetamol): 

Strong painkillers such as codeine, fentanyl, and oxycodone. These are a leading cause of overdose, particularly when taken with other drugs like benzodiazepines or antidepressants. 

  • Paracetamol (Acetaminophen):Benzodiazepines): 

Commonly used to relieve pain and reduce fever. It’s availableDiazepamover the counter and is one of the most frequentTemazepamcauses of poisoning, especially in children or during self-harm attempts. 

 

Benzodiazepines: 

Such as diazepam and temazepam. The risk increases when combined with opioids. 

  • Symptoms of drug poisoning 
  • Symptoms vary depending on the type and amount of drug consumed. Common signs include: 
  • Respiratory issues: difficulty breathing, irregular breathing, or respiratory arrest. 
  • Altered consciousness: loss of consciousness, confusion, extreme drowsiness, or agitation. 
  • Circulatory issues: pale or cold skin, blue lips or fingertips, slow or irregular heartbeat. 
  • Neurological symptoms: dizziness, loss of coordination, seizures, or hallucinations. 
  • Gastrointestinal issues: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or severe abdominal pain. 

 

Physical signs: skin redness or rash, changes in pupil size, changes in body temperature, or chest pain. 

Severe signs: choking sounds or signs of a severe allergic reaction (e.g., facial swelling, difficulty breathing). 

  • Causes of drug poisoning 
  • Drug poisoning may result from: 
  • Unintentional overdose, such as taking a drug to enhance mood without knowing its strength. 
  • Intentional overdose, often linked to psychological or emotional issues. 
  • Exceeding the prescribed or recommended dose. 
  • Using multiple drugs containing the same active ingredient unknowingly (e.g., multiple pain relievers with paracetamol). 
  • Mistaken ingestion or giving it to another person at home. 
  • Not following physician or pharmacist instructions. 
  • Combining multiple medications without understanding potential interactions. 

 

Misusing drugs via incorrect methods (e.g., injecting oral medications). 

Assuming over-the-counter medications are always safe, leading to misuse. 

 

Risk factors for drug poisoning 

Risk factors include: 

  • Taking multiple substances simultaneously increases the chance of harmful interactions. 
  • Introducing new substances unfamiliar to the body. 
  • This highlights the importance of cautious medication use and avoiding combinations without medical advice. 
  • Prevention of drug poisoning 
  • Key prevention measures include: 
  • Understand your medications and follow the physician/pharmacist instructions precisely. 
  • Store medications safely out of children’s reach, preferably in their original packaging and avoid placing them in food or drink containers. 
  • Check for compatibility among your medications and understand timing requirements. 

 

Accurately measure doses, especially for children. 

Never use someone else’s medication and take only those prescribed for you. 

 

Properly dispose of unused medications. 

  • Ensure that medications are stored in safe places and avoid leaving medications in handbags or places accessible to children or places they may have access to. 
  • Discuss with your doctor the correct dosages and the safe use of over-the-counter drugs. 

 

What to do in case of drug poisoning 

  • Management depends on various factors: type and amount of drug, timing, combinationCPRwith other substances, and its impact on the person Recommended steps: 
  • Medical evaluation: 
  • Seek immediate hospital care. Healthcare providers will assess the case comprehensively using blood tests, continuous monitoring, and mental health evaluation. Activated charcoal may be administered to reduce absorption. 

 

Initial steps: 

 

If the person is unconscious, not breathing properly or not breathing at all, or having seizures, call emergency services immediately. Initiate CPR if necessary. 

Avoid inducing vomiting or giving activated charcoal unless instructed by a doctor. 

In some cases, antidotes may be given to counteract the drug’s effects.

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