الأمراض غير المعدية (Non-communicable diseases)

Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs)

This topic will help you learn about non-communicable diseases (NCDs).

What are non-communicable diseases?

Non-communicable diseases are diseases that do not spread from one person to another and usually do not occur as a result of an infection. Instead, they develop slowly, persist for long periods, and are among the leading causes of illness and death worldwide. They often require ongoing medical care, which affects the quality of life of those affected and increases the burden on healthcare systems.

Types of non-communicable diseases

1Non-communicable diseases can be classified into two main types:

Chronic non-communicable diseases
These are diseases that develop slowly and last for long periods, usually requiring ongoing monitoring and treatment.

• Examples include:
• Cardiovascular diseases (e.g., high blood pressure, coronary artery disease)
• Diabetes
• Cancer
• Chronic respiratory diseases (e.g., asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD))
• Chronic kidney diseases

2Chronic neurological diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis)

Temporary non-communicable diseases
These are non-communicable diseases or health conditions that do not last for a long time and may be acute or temporary.

• Examples include:
• Acute high blood pressure episodes.
• Some temporary non-communicable skin conditions (non-infectious skin inflammations).
• Some non-chronic respiratory conditions (e.g., acute non-infectious bronchitis).

Disorders such as acute heart attacks (even though the underlying heart disease may be chronic, the attack itself is an emergency).

What are the causes of non-communicable diseases?

• Non-communicable diseases occur as a result of a combination of factors that gradually negatively affect a person’s health. The most important of these causes are:
• Behavioral factors, such as smoking, consuming unhealthy foods (high in fats and sugars), and a lack of physical activity.
• Genetic factors: having a family history of diseases, such as diabetes or heart disease.
• Environmental factors: continuous exposure to pollution and chronic psychological stress.
• Overweight and obesity increase the risk of developing heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer.

High blood pressure and elevated cholesterol levels are factors that lead to cardiovascular diseases.

These factors often overlap, increasing the risk of disease and affecting its severity.

What are the symptoms of non-communicable diseases?

• The symptoms vary depending on the type of non-communicable disease, but in general, they include:
• Persistent fatigue and tiredness.
• Chronic pain in specific areas, such as the heart or joints.
• Unexplained weight gain or loss.
• Breathing problems or shortness of breath, such as in chronic respiratory diseases.
• High blood pressure or heart problems, such as cardiovascular diseases.
• High or low blood sugar levels, such as in diabetes.

Cancer-related symptoms, such as an abnormal lump, unexplained bleeding, or changes in organ function.

These symptoms usually develop gradually and often persist for long periods, making early detection and medical follow-up important.

What are the methods for diagnosing non-communicable diseases?

• The doctor takes the patient’s medical history, then performs an initial clinical examination, and may request additional procedures as needed, such as:
• Blood tests: to examine blood sugar levels, cholesterol, and the functions of various organs.
• Urine tests: to detect kidney disordersor other signs of disease.
• Imaging tests, such as X-rays, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), orECG):Computed Tomography (CT) scans to assess the affected organs.
• Electrocardiogram (ECG): to examine heart function and detect any abnormalities.
• Lung function tests, such as spirometry or exercise respiratory tests in cases of chronic respiratory diseases.

Blood pressure monitoring: to measure levels periodically in cases of hypertension.

These procedures help in the accurate diagnosis of the disease and in determining the appropriate treatment plan.

What are the methods of treating non-communicable diseases?
Non-communicable diseases are treated through several procedures that vary depending on the need, but treatment mainly depends on the type and severity of the disease; some diseases can be completely cured, while others aim to control symptoms and maintain health stability.

Treatment may include the following:

• Lifestyle changes:
• Following a healthy and balanced diet.
• Engaging in regular physical activity.
• Quitting smoking and reducing alcohol consumption.

Controlling weight and maintaining it within healthy limits.

• Medications:
• Using drugs such as those that control blood pressure, blood sugar, and cholesterol levels, depending on the condition.

Anti-inflammatory drugs or other medications, depending on the type of disease.

• Regular medical follow-up:

Periodic visits to the doctor to monitor progress and adjust treatment.

• Physical therapy and psychological support:
• In some cases, physical therapy may be used to improve health.

Psychological and social support is important to enhance the quality of life.

• Surgical procedures or medical interventions:

 

They may be necessary for certain diseases, such as some types of cancer or heart diseases.

Methods of preventing non-communicable diseases?

Regular screening:

Make sure to undergo regular checkups for the early detection of non-communicable diseases such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol, which helps in early intervention and reduces the risk of complications.

• Healthy nutrition
• Following a balanced diet rich in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and healthy proteins.
• Reducing the intake of saturated fats, sugars, and salt.

Avoid processed foods and fast food.

• Regular physical activity
• Engaging in at least 30 minutes of exercise daily, such as walking, swimming, or cycling.

Reducing prolonged sitting and physical inactivity.

• Avoiding smoking
• Avoid all tobacco products, including cigarettes and e-cigarettes.

Stay away from secondhand smoke.

• Maintaining aBMIhealthy weight
• Keep the body mass index (BMI) within the normal range.

Monitor weight regularly.

• Regular checkups and early detection
• Regularly measure blood pressure, blood sugar, and cholesterol levels.

Undergo preventive screenings according to age and family history.

• Stress and mental pressure management
• Relaxation techniques such as meditation and deep breathing.

Getting sufficient and regular sleep.

1. 1What are the common complications of non-communicable diseases?

• Cardiovascular diseases:
• Heart attacks.
• Strokes.

2. 2Heart failure.

• Diabetes:
• Nerve damage (Neuropathy).
• Kidney problems (kidney failure).
• Vision loss (Retinopathy).

3. 3Foot ulcers that may lead to amputation.

• Cancer:
• Spread of the tumor to other organs.
• Weakened immunity.

4. 4Side effects of treatment, such as fatigue or loss of appetite.

• Chronic respiratory diseases:
• Respiratory failure.
• Frequent lung infections.

Reduced ability to perform daily activities.

When should you see a doctor if you have a non-communicable disease?

• It is recommended to see a doctor in the following cases:
• When persistent or worsening symptoms appear, such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or unexplained weight loss.
• If you have high blood pressure, diabetes, or other chronic problems and are unable to control them well.
• When new symptoms or complications are noticed, such as swelling, weakness, or changes in body functions.

For regular checkups and follow-up to adjust treatment and prevent disease progression.

Misconceptions

Misconception:

“Non-communicable diseases cannot be prevented because they are hereditary.”

Fact:

Non-communicable diseases can be prevented through various measures at both the individual and community levels.
Misconception:

“Non-communicable diseases only affect adults.”
Fact:

Non-communicable diseases are not limited to adults; they can also affect children and teenagers. For example, children can develop diseases such as type 1 diabetes, asthma, obesity, and inherited heart disorders. Behavioral factors, such as unhealthy eating and lack of physical activity, are major causes that can begin early and lead to chronic diseases later.

Misconception:

“If I have no symptoms, it means I do not have a non-communicable disease.”
Fact:

Many non-communicable diseases, such as high blood pressure and diabetes, can be silent in their early stages and show no obvious symptoms. Therefore, regular checkups are essential for early detection and prevention of complications.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the impact of these “non-communicable” diseases?
Non-communicable diseases pose a heavy burden on individuals, governments, and communities, as they lead to premature death and chronic disabilities, often affecting people of working and productive age.

• Their impact is not limited to health alone but also extends to:
• Reduced quality of life due to ongoing symptoms, dependence on medications, and limitations in daily activities.
• Significant economic burdens resulting from decreased earning capacity and high long-term treatment costs put patients and their families at risk of poverty and financial strain.

They also affect community productivity and increase pressure on healthcare systems.

Does having a family medical history mean I will get the disease?

 

Genetics does not necessarily mean you will develop the disease, but it may increase the likelihood of its occurrence. However, a healthy lifestyle, such as balanced nutrition, regular physical activity, and avoiding harmful behaviors, can significantly reduce the risk of developing the disease, even with a family history.

Do non-communicable diseases spread from one person to another?