Acanthosis Nigricans
(Diseases)
On this page, you will find everything you need to know about acanthosis nigricans.
What is acanthosis nigricans?
Also known by other terms such as skin pigmentation disorder, hyperpigmentation, thickening of the skin in body folds, or velvety hyperkeratosis, acanthosis nigricans is a skin disorder characterized by dark, thickened patches with a velvety texture, often appearing in skin folds, such as the neck, armpits, and groin. These patches may appear dirty, but do not disappear with washing. Acanthosis nigricans is sometimes a sign of an underlying health condition, such as insulin resistance, obesity, or hormonal disorders, which requires consulting a physician to identify the cause and treat it.
- What are the symptoms of acanthosis nigricans?
- Symptoms of acanthosis nigricans include:
- Gradually developing dark, thick skin patches that appear brown or black, often in skin folds such as the armpits, neck, and groin.
- Affected skin is thick with a distinctive velvety feel.
- Symptoms progress slowly over months or years, although in some cases they may appear suddenly.
- Mild itching may accompany the condition.
- In some cases, the affected areas may develop an unpleasant odor.
Small skin tags may appear in the darkened areas.
In rare cases, the condition may affect the face, lips, inside of the mouth, nipples, or genitals.
- Whatcauses acanthosis nigricans? .
- Causes of acanthosisnigricans include:
- Insulin resistance: The mostcommon cause, often seen in individuals with obesity, type 2 diabetes, orpolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
- Obesity: Strongly associated with the condition due to elevated insulin levels in the blood.
- Hormonal disorders: Such as hypothyroidism, Cushing’s syndrome, and PCOS.
- Medications: Including birth control pills, corticosteroids, high doses of vitamin B3 (niacin), or other hormonal treatments.
- Genetics: The condition may be inherited as a rare genetic disorder often present in childhood or at birth.
Cancer: In rare cases, acanthosis nigricans may be a sign of a malignant tumor, particularly in the stomach, colon, or liver.
Autoimmune diseases: Such as lupus, Sjgren’s syndrome, or scleroderma.
- How are acanthosisnigricans diagnosed?
- Diagnosis of acanthosisnigricans typically includes:
- Clinical examination: The physician visually examinesthe affected skin and evaluates symptoms.
- Medical history: Includes questions about personal and family medicalhistory and use of current or past medications.
- Skin biopsy: In rare cases, a sample of skin may betaken and examined under a microscope if the diagnosis is unclear.
Blood tests: To check blood sugar and insulin levels to identify insulin resistance or diabetes.
Additional tests: Such as X-rays or endoscopy if a malignant tumor is suspected.
How are acanthosis nigricans treated?
- Treatment of acanthosis nigricans focuses on addressing the underlying cause, along with improving the appearance of the skin when necessary. Treatment may include:
- Treating the underlying cause:
- Obesity: Weight loss through a healthy diet and exercise to improve insulin resistance.
- Hormonal disorders: Treatment of PCOS or thyroid problems.
Medications: Discontinuing medications that may contribute to the condition, such as birth control pills or corticosteroids.
- Tumors: If a malignant tumor is found, its removal may help improve the skin symptoms.
- Treatments to improve skin appearance:
- Topical creams: Such as retinoids (tretinoin) or lightening creams containing glycolic acid or salicylic acid.
- Laser treatments: To reduce skin thickening and improve its appearance.
Chemical peels: Using acids such as trichloroacetic acid.
- Antibacterial soap: To reduce odor and irritation.
- General skin care:
Moisturizers: Containing urea or lactic acid to improve skin flexibility.
- Avoiding products that may cause irritation without consulting a doctor.
- Oral medications:
Diabetes medications: If the patient has diabetes.
Vitamin A derivatives: To improve skin thickening.
All medications must be taken under medical supervision.
- How can acanthosis nigricans be prevented?
- To prevent or reduce the risk of developing acanthosis nigricans or its progression, the following measures are recommended:
- Maintain a healthy weight through a balanced diet and regular exercise to reduce the risk of obesity.
- Follow a diet that helps regulate blood sugar and insulin levels.
- Prevent insulin resistance or manage conditions associated with it, such as diabetes.
- Treat thyroid problems or any other hormonal disorders associated with acanthosis nigricans.
Avoid or replace medications that may cause or worsen the condition, such as birth control pills or corticosteroids, after consulting a physician.
Undergo regular health screenings to detect medical issues early.
- What are the complications of acanthosis nigricans?
- Complications of acanthosis nigricans include:
- Increased risk of type 2 diabetes: People with acanthosis nigricans are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes.
- Cosmetic concerns: The appearance of dark, thick skin patches may affect a person’s physical appearance.
Psychological distress: The condition can negatively affect self-esteem and body image.
Complications related to the underlying causes: Such as obesity and its associated health problems.
- When should you see a doctor?
- You should see a doctor if:
- You notice new changes in your skin, especially dark, thick patches.
- Sudden skin changes occur that may be a sign of a medical condition requiring treatment.
You have any unusual skin changes.
If you are taking medications that may be linked to the development of this condition, your doctor can help adjust the treatment.
Frequently Asked Questions:
Where do acanthosis nigricans usually appear?
Acanthosis nigricans typically appear in skin folds on the neck, under the arms, in the groin, and beneath the breasts.
